Shelf life (days): 1460.0
Formulation: A crystalline solid
Formal Name: 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid
Purity: ≥95%
Formula Markup: C14H6N2O8
Formula Weight: 330.2
CAS Number: 72909-34-3
Notes: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a quinone and redox enzyme cofactor that has been found in a variety of bacteria and has diverse biological activities.{43289,43290,43291,43292,43293} It inhibits fibril formation by the amyloid proteins amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) and mouse prion protein when used at a concentrations of 100 and 300 μM.{43289} PQQ stimulates cell proliferation, reduces glutamate-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), necrosis, and caspase-3 activity, and increases activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in neural stem and progenitor cells.{43290} It inhibits LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and suppresses LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1α in primary microglia.{43294} In vivo, PQQ (3 and 10 mg/kg) reduces Iba-1 expression, a marker of microglial activation, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice. PQQ decreases the number of hepatic cells positive for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and reduces collagen deposition and hepatic hydroxyproline levels in a mouse model of liver fibrosis.{43292} It also decreases serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, increases brain SOD, CAT, and GPX activities, and decreases brain lipid hydroperoxide levels in mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (Item No. 13104).{43293}
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