Shelf life (days): 365.0
Formulation: A solution in acetonitrile
Formal Name: (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl-13C)-2-(methyl-13C)-2,3,5a,6-tetrahydro-10H-3,10a-epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione-1,3,4,5a,6,7,8,9,9a,10,10a-13C11
Purity: ≥95%
Formula Markup: [13C]13H14N2O4S2
Formula Weight: 339.3
Notes: Gliotoxin-13C13 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliotoxin (Item No. 11433) by GC- or LC-MS. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive mycotoxin produced by pathogenic strains of Aspergillus and other fungi with diverse biological activities.{21692,21695,21694,21690,21693,21689,43859,21714} It inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50 = 10 μM), blocking the degradation of IκBα and preventing the activation of NF-κB.{21695,21694} Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils.{21690,21693} It suppresses viral infection by Nipah and Hendra virus in HEK293T cells (IC50s = 149 and 579 nM, respectively).{21689} Under reducing conditions, gliotoxin inhibits leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H; Item No. 10007817) epoxide hydrolase activity, but not aminopeptidase activity, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4; Item No. 20110) synthesis in neutrophils and monocytes.{43859} In vivo, gliotoxin (5 mg/kg) reduces LTB4 plasma levels and blocks peritoneal neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of peritonitis induced by zymosan A (Item No. 21175). It also inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase I and farnesyltransferase (IC50s = 17 and 80 μM, respectively).{21714}
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