Notes: Phenyl sulfate is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tyrosine and a uremic toxin.{58970} It reduces survival of, as well as decreases glutathione (GSH) levels and induces mitochondrial dysfunction in, differentiated human urinary podocyte-like epithelial cells (HUPECs) when used at a concentration of 30 µM.{58971} Phenyl sulfate (50 mg/kg) induces podocyte damage and albuminuria in a db/db mouse model of diabetes. Increased plasma levels of phenyl sulfate correlate with the progression of albuminuria in patients with diabetic kidney disease.